Airborne system and method for the characterization and measurement of antennas or radiant systems (

专利摘要:
Airborne system and method for the characterization and measurement of antennas or radiant systems (5) comprising an air module (1) with an electromagnetic emission measurement unit (11) that captures the radiated electromagnetic field (e) by the antenna or system radiant (5), a positioning and guidance system (13) with an accuracy equal to or less than 3 cm, and an earth station (2) with a unit for processing the electromagnetic emission measurements (23) that processes the measurements by means of a set of algorithms for processing measurements of electromagnetic emissions (25). The invention also comprises a method for the measurement and characterization of radiant antennas or systems (5). Applicable in those sectors where the characterization and measurement of antennas are needed, such as, for example, radar and radionavigation system installations, terrestrial and satellite telecommunications systems or terrestrial broadcasting facilities. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
公开号:ES2639687A1
申请号:ES201700209
申请日:2017-03-03
公开日:2017-10-27
发明作者:Yolanda RODRÍGUEZ VAQUEIRO；Antonio GARCIA PINO
申请人:Universidad de Oviedo；Universidade de Vigo；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

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DESCRIPTION
AIR TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CHARACTERIZATION AND MED! ANTENNAS OR RADI SYSTEMS BEFORE
The present invention relates to an airborne system for the characterization and measurement of antennas or radiating systems, which comprises at least one air module. an earth station and a communication system between elements. The invention also refers to the method of processing of the radiated electromagnetic field for obtaining the distribution of the electromagnetic field at the opening of the antenna or radiating system under measure, from which it is possible to make the diagnosis of the antenna under measure, thus as its radiation diagram and the volume of electromagnetic protection.
The invention results from application in those sectors where the characterization and measurement of antennas or radiating systems is needed, such as radar and radionavigation systems, terrestrial and satellite telecommunications systems, or terrestrial broadcasting facilities.
STATE OF THE TECHNIQUE
The development of the technology of unmanned aerial vehicles such as drones, UAVs (Unmmaned Aerial Vehicles), UAS (Unmmaned Aerial Systems), RPAs (Remotely Piloted Aircrafts), etc. It is giving rise to its application in a wide range of sectors, such as cartography and topography, security and surveillance, inspection of infrastructures, assistance in natural disasters, etc. One of its main advantages is the ability to access places of difficult access by land.
In the field of radiocommunications, the measurement and characterization of antennas or other radiating systems is one of the fundamental aspects for the verification of the proper functioning of a communications system, since the antennas are the element that acts as an interface between a non-medium guided (air, vacuum) and a guided medium (coaxial cable, waveguide).
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Systems for measurement and characterization of antennas can be broadly classified into outdoor systems or ranges, and indoor systems or ranges. Outdoor systems or ranges allow direct measurement of the antenna radiation pattern, since it is possible to separate the antenna under measurement from the antenna used as a measurement probe. The main disadvantages that they present are the space they need for their implementation (fundamentally great separation between the infrastructure where the antenna is placed under measurement and the infrastructure where the antenna that is used as a measurement probe is placed), as well as the exposure to inclement conditions meteorological that limit its utilization.
With respect to indoor systems or ranges, they are typically located in enclosures called anechoic chambers, which are entirely covered by absorbent material that minimizes the reflection of electromagnetic waves on walls, floors and ceilings. In the same way as the outdoor ranges, the antenna under measure is placed in a base or tower, and the antenna that is used as a measuring probe is placed in another base or tower some distance from the first.
Depending on the size of the antenna under measurement, the working frequency and the separation between the antenna under measurement and the measurement probe, the electromagnetic field radiated by the antenna under measurement can be acquired in the near-field or field region far from the antenna under measure. Typically it is considered that if the condition Rmedida = 2D2 / X is met. and Measurement> 10X, the electromagnetic field is measured in the far-field region (where Measurement is the distance between the antenna under measurement and the measurement probe, D is the diameter of the minimum sphere circumscribed to the antenna under measurement. and X is the working wavelength).
The measurement of the antenna radiation pattern can only be done in the far field. If the antenna is measured in the near-field region, it is necessary to apply a near-field to far-field transformation algorithm to obtain the radiation pattern from the measurements taken. This transformation algorithm is common for the processing of measurements made in anechoic chambers, where due to their size, direct measurement of the electromagnetic field radiated in the far-field region is not possible.
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The new communications systems have resulted in the development of more complex antennas in order to achieve certain radiation properties. Therefore, new techniques have also been developed that allow the antenna to be characterized, allowing the detection of possible faults in the antenna. These techniques are of special interest in the case of antenna groupings (or arrays), where the failure of a single element degrades the characteristics of the radiation pattern (for example, worsening parameters such as directivity or relation of secondary lobes). They are also applied to detect deformations in reflector type antennas. The antenna diagnostic techniques make use of the knowledge of the amplitude and the phase of the radiated electromagnetic field (typically near field) to obtain the distribution of the electromagnetic field in the opening piano of the antenna to be diagnosed. From the representation of this field it is possible to identify deformations or elements with malfunction. Thus, in the document of Lopez, Y. A., Cappellin, C., Las-Heras, F., & Breinbjerg, O. (2008). On the comparison of the spherical wave expansion-to-plane wave expansion and the sources reconstruction method for antenna diagnostics. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, 87, 245-262 compares two methods for the diagnosis of reflector-type antennas, one based on the characterization of the antenna under measure by expanding the electromagnetic field radiated in a set of flat and spherical wave modes , and another based on the characterization of the antenna under measure through a distribution of reconstructed currents in the antenna's opening piano. The document shows that the knowledge of the electromagnetic field in the opening piano allows to identify the presence of deformations in the antenna under measure. The main limitation of the methods presented is that they employ the measurement of the electromagnetic field on a canonical surface (a spherical surface in the case of the examples presented). In addition, in the case of the method based on the expansion of the electromagnetic field radiated in a set of spherical and flat wave modes, information on the size of the antenna under measurement is needed to determine the number of modes necessary for the expansion of the electromagnetic field.
A drawback presented by the measurement and characterization of antennas in measuring ranges (whether indoor or outdoor) is the need to disassemble the antenna under measure
of its operational location, which implies a service interruption. The fast
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The development of the technology of unmanned aerial vehicles has allowed the implementation of a new technique for measuring antennas by embarking the measurement probe in an unmanned aerial vehicle. Said aerial vehicle describes a path around the antenna under measurement according to a predefined path, so that the measurement probe acquires the electromagnetic field radiated at the points of said path.
The main advantages of antenna measurement systems using unmanned aerial vehicles are: i) it is not necessary to disassemble the antenna from its location, ii) it is not necessary to carry out the interruption of the radiocommunication service, iii) speed of measurement thanks at the flight speed of the unmanned aerial vehicle, iv) capacity for the measurement of antennas located in locations of difficult access and v) simplicity of the measurement system, since it does not require all the infrastructure of a range of antenna measurements. The main limitation is the accuracy of the results obtained, which will always be lower than that obtained in a range of antenna measurements built for this purpose.
The interest in antenna measurement systems using aerial vehicles has led the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) to issue a series of general recommendations on measurement procedures in ITU-R SM.2056-1 June 2014, necessary equipment and notification procedures for the radiation patterns of antennas measured from aircraft. This report makes additional recommendations for specific aircraft platforms and broadcasting systems, primarily for helicopter or manned airplane-based systems. The report is limited to the direct measurement of the antenna radiation pattern. Therefore, the need to carry out the measurement in the far-field region is indicated.
In the document of Virone, G., Paonessa, F., Peverini. O. A., Addamo, G., Orta. R „Tascone, R .. & Bolli, P. (2014, November). Antenna pattern measurements with a flying far-field source (Hexacopter). In Antenna Measurements & Applications (CAMA), 2014 IEEE Conference on (pp. 1-2) and in the document of Virone, G., Lingua, AM, Piras, M., Cina, A., Perini, F., Monari , J. & Tascone, R. (2014). Antenna pattern verification system based on a micro unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). IEEE Antennas and Wireless
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Propagation Letters, 13, 169-172 describes a system based on an unmanned aerial vehicle of the hexacopter type in e! which embarks a wire antenna that acts as a measuring probe. The positioning of the unmanned aerial vehicle is carried out using flight points (waypoints) and a satellite navigation system {Global Positioning System, GPS) that allow the unmanned aerial vehicle to describe a certain trajectory around the antenna under measure . The precision obtained in the flight path is approximately 5 m. In such systems the unmanned aerial vehicle flies at a distance of tens of meters from the antenna under measure, so that the relative positioning error is low (<5% of the distance between the antenna under measurement and the probe embarked on the Unmanned aerial vehicle). This error is reduced below 1% thanks to the use of a laser-based tracking or raster system that allows the unmanned aerial vehicle to be located with centimeter precision from an earth station. In this way, electromagnetic field measurements can be georeferenced with said centimeter precision. The problem with the use of the laser-based tracking system is that it increases the complexity of the measurement system, in addition to the fact that it requires a direct line of sight between the earth station where the laser is located and the unmanned aerial vehicle.
Another antenna measurement system using unmanned aerial vehicles is described in the document available at Drone Measures Tower Antenna Powers _ SmartDrone, [retrieved 2017-01-03]. Recovered from the Internet: < http://www.smartdrone.com/drone-measures-tower-antenna-powers.html>, where
The unmanned aerial vehicle positioning is also carried out by waypoints and positioning by GPS. In this case, a positioning accuracy of +/- 2 m is claimed.
The antenna measurement systems using the unmanned aerial vehicles described only capture the amplitude of the electromagnetic field radiated by the antenna under measurement. Likewise, the measurement is carried out at a great distance from the antenna (tens or hundreds of meters), so that it is guaranteed that it is in the far-field region of the antenna and the relative positioning error between the antenna under measurement is minimized and the measurement probe embarked on the unmanned aerial vehicle. The main limitations of the techniques described are:
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- A1 measuring tens or hundreds of meters of the antenna under measure, dynamic range is lost, requiring more sensitive power detectors (since the antenna under measure is emitting with a certain power that cannot be adjusted).
- The system provides only amplitude data of the radiated electromagnetic field that is not subsequently processed. Therefore, it is not possible to carry out the diagnosis of the antenna under measure, which is an important limitation since in the case of antennas or reflector type antennas, it is not possible to reconstruct the electromagnetic field in the opening of the antenna from the knowledge of the radiation diagram or, therefore, identify elements with anomalous functioning or deformations in the reflector.
Therefore, existing systems and methods allow only the direct measurement of the radiation pattern, without the ability to carry out the diagnosis of the antenna under measurement. This limitation implies that, in addition, current systems do not allow measuring the amplitude and phase of the electromagnetic field radiated in the near-field region and subsequently applying a near-field-far-field transformation to obtain the radiation pattern.
In the patent document US 20160088498 A1 a system for characterizing the radiation emitted by an antenna is presented, formed by an unmanned aerial vehicle that includes a power detector (signal strength antenna) embarked on the aerial vehicle, and a method for characterize the radiation of the antenna, based on georeferencing the received signal level measurements taken at a given position. In the description of the invention it is indicated that the positioning system of the aerial vehicle can be based on GPS (Global Positioning System). Again, the main limitations are based on the fact that neither the system nor the method contemplates the recovery of the phase of the measured serial, which makes it impossible to measure the near-field region of the antenna under measurement as well as the diagnosis of the antenna. In the invention there is also no reference to the limitations in terms of working frequency bands.
In the patent document US 9439092 B1 a system and method for presenting
Carry out the diagnosis of mobile phone antennas. This invention employs
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heat maps to determine the elements or antennas that present an anomalous operation, since the thermal image of the antennas is proportional to the emission power of the same. The main disadvantage of this invention is that, in addition to being limited to a certain type of antennas, it does not allow the measurement of the radiation pattern.
The characterization of an antenna entails, therefore, the measurement not only of the amplitude of the radiated electromagnetic field, but of its phase. This requires measuring devices such as vector signal analyzers or two-channel receivers (phase and block, I / Q: In-phase / Quadrature). With respect to vector analyzers, although there are portable commercial versions, their weight, price and complexity do not make their use viable for measurement and characterization of antennas by embarking them in an unmanned aerial vehicle. With respect to two-channel receivers, the circuitry is simpler than that of vector analyzers, resulting in more compact, cheap and low-weight devices.
In the field of measurement of antennas in the interior range (mainly in anechoic chamber) methods have been developed to recover the phase of the electromagnetic field radiated by the antenna under measurement when the use of measuring devices capable of measuring amplitude and phase is not feasible . These methods can be classified into two large groups: on the one hand, methods based on interferometry, and on the other hand, iterative methods of phase recovery.
In the document by Ana Arboleya, Jaime Laviada, Juha Ala-Laurinaho, Yuri Alvarez, Fernando Las-Heras, Antii V. Raisanen, “Phaseless Characterization of Broadband Antennas”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 64, No. 2 , pp. 484-495, February 2016, a review of the state of the art of interferometry-based antenna measurement methods is presented, as well as a novel technique for measuring antennas with large bandwidth using only a power detector. The fundamental idea is to use the interference pattern created by two antennas. From the processing of the resulting signal by Fourier analysis it is possible to recover the phase of the electromagnetic field radiated by the antenna under measurement. The main limitation of this type of methods for its use to measure antennas using aerial vehicles
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Unmanned is the need for an additional antenna to generate the interference pattern, resulting in a more complex measurement configuration.
Iterative phase recovery methods, such as the one described in document Y. Alvarez, F. Las-Heras, and M. R. Pino. The sources reconstruction method for amplitude- only field measurements. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 58, No. 8, pp. 2776-2781, August 2010, are based on the minimization of a cost or functional function that relates the amplitude of the electromagnetic field measured on two or more surfaces located in the near-field region of the antenna under measure with the amplitude of the electromagnetic field radiated by a distribution of equivalent sources located at the opening of the antenna under measure. When the value of said cost or functional function is equal to zero, then said equivalent sources generate the same electromagnetic field as the antenna under measurement. Iterative phase recovery methods have the advantage that the measurement system is very simple (simply a power detector or electromagnetic field strength meter), but with the limitation that its use requires the use of two or more measuring surfaces
The characterization of the antenna and calculation of the radiation pattern from the electromagnetic field measurements requires that the separation between two adjacent measuring points be equal to or less than half a wavelength at the measurement frequency when a detector capable of measure amplitude and phase, and equal to or less than a quarter of a wavelength at the measurement frequency when using a detector capable of measuring amplitude only. In the case of measuring antennas using unmanned aerial vehicles, the use of a positioning system based on real-time satellite kinetic navigation or RTK (Real Time Kinematik) provides accuracy of positioning at the centimeter level, which limits the higher frequency of operation in the range of the S band (2 to 4 GHz).
In the patent document ES 2577403 B2 an airborne system and methods for the detection, localization and obtaining of images of buried objects and the characterization of the subsoil composition are presented. In said invention the positioning and guidance system of the air module comprises a global positioning system, a positioning system based on inertial sensors, a system of
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positioning based on real-time satellite kinetic navigation or RTK and a positioning system based on photogrammetry. The positioning and guidance system allows the precise three-dimensional localization of the air module and the georeferencing of the data obtained with the radar unit with an accuracy of value equal to or less than three centimeters. The invention requires a radar module that emits electromagnetic waves and, after being reflected in the ground, subsoil and / or possible buried objects, they are received again in the radar module. Measuring the delay time between the transmitted and received serial results in ground clearance, subsoil and / or possible buried objects. The invention does not allow the measurement of antennas because the radar module is designed precisely to measure the reflection of the electromagnetic field emitted by the module itself, so it cannot measure the electromagnetic field emitted by another source of electromagnetic field as in the case of a antenna. Likewise, the radar signal processing algorithms allow to obtain an image of the subsoil and of possible objects buried in it, but not the characterization of the radiating sources of an antenna nor the calculation of the radiation diagram. Another limitation of the invention is that the fact of requiring two antennas, one for transmission and the other for reception, entails greater technical complexity and requires an unmanned aerial vehicle with greater load capacity.
In the solutions mentioned in the state of the art the problematic corresponding to the case in which the working frequency of the antenna or radiating system under measure overlaps partially or totally with the frequency used by the means of communication between the vehicle is not contemplated Unmanned air and earth station. given that the examples presented always assume that said frequencies are different enough not to interfere with each other. This assumption implies that the frequency of the media is chosen based on a priori knowledge of the working frequency of the antenna under measure. However, the existence of multiband radiating antennas and systems, as well as the restriction in the use of the radioelectric spectrum to set the frequency of the means of communication between the unmanned aerial vehicle and the earth station, limit such flexibility to choose the frequency of such means. In the event that such frequency overlap occurs, the communication between the unmanned aerial vehicle and the earth station may suffer
interference, which entails the partial or total loss of the control capacity of the
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aerial vehicle, degrading or canceling its operational capacity. This problem is aggravated in the case of antenna measurement, since, in the case of frequency overlap, the power emitted by the antenna under measurement is greater than the emission power of the transmitters used for communication between the vehicle air and earth station.
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DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an airborne system for the characterization and measurement of antennas or radiating systems of electromagnetic waves, comprising at least one air module, an earth station and a communication system between 10 elements. The invention also relates to the method of processing of the radiated electromagnetic field for obtaining the distribution of the electromagnetic field at the opening of the antenna or radiant system under measure from which it is possible to make the diagnosis of the antenna under measurement, as well as Determine its radiation pattern and the volume of electromagnetic protection.
15 For the purposes of this invention and its description, operator refers to the person who is responsible for the supervision of the different systems and methods that make up the invention, as well as interacting with the different processes that require person-machine communication.
For the purposes of the present invention, a measurement path is understood as the set of spatial coordinates defined by the operator prior to the use of the system and method described in the invention. In said set of spatial coordinates the measurement of the electromagnetic field radiated by the antenna under measure will be carried out.
For the purposes of the present invention, integral equations are understood as the integral form of Maxwell's equations that relate sources of electromagnetic field, well expressed as auxiliary coefficients, well expressed as current distributions, with the electromagnetic field generated by said sources.
For the purposes of the present invention, theoretical field is understood as calculated from electromagnetic field sources by means of the integral electromagnetic field equations.
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An aspect of the present invention is an airborne system for measuring and characterizing antennas or radiating systems of electromagnetic waves comprising:
- At least one air module, which in turn comprises a receiving antenna that captures the electromagnetic field radiated by one or several radiating antennas or systems when the air module moves along the points of a measurement path, and a unit of measurement of electromagnetic emissions connected to the receiving antenna. The air module also includes a positioning and guidance system for the air module and an air control unit that collects information from the electromagnetic emission measurement unit and the positioning and guidance system, controls flight parameters of the air module and exchanges information with An earth station.
- An earth station, which in turn comprises a flight control system of the air module, a unit for processing the measurements of electromagnetic emissions received in the unit of measurement of electromagnetic emissions and a computer application. The processing unit of the electromagnetic emission measurements processes the electromagnetic field measurements radiated by the radiating antenna or system by means of a set of algorithms for processing electromagnetic emission measurements.
- A means of communication to emit and receive wireless signals between the air module and the earth station.
The receiving antenna of the system located in the aerial module is pointed towards the radiating antenna or system, so that it can capture the electromagnetic field radiated by one or several radiating antennas or systems.
On the other hand, the electromagnetic emission measurement unit provides amplitude and / or phase information of the electromagnetic field radiated by the radiating antenna or system in the measurement path directly or indirectly.
The positioning and guidance system of the air module comprises a global positioning system, a positioning system based on inertial sensors, a
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positioning system based on real-time satellite cinematic navigation or RTK, which exchanges information with a base station of real-time satellite cinematic navigation located on the earth station, and a positioning system based on photogrammetry. The positioning and guidance system sends information to the air control unit providing the precise three-dimensional location of the air module and the georeferencing of the electromagnetic field measurements radiated by the radiating antenna or system with a precision of value equal to or less than three centimeters. This is because, in order for the algorithms of the system to adequately carry out the processing of the measurements of the electromagnetic field radiated by the antenna under measurement, and thus be able to characterize and measure, they require the precise three-dimensional location of the air module with an equal value or less than three centimeters and the georeferencing of the data obtained with the unit of measurement of electromagnetic emissions.
The amplitude and / or phase of the electromagnetic field radiated by the radiating antenna or system is processed by the electromagnetic emission measurement unit located in the earth station, thereby characterizing the radiating antenna or system.
The diagnosis of the antenna under measurement, the calculation of the radiation diagram and the determination of the volume of electromagnetic protection are made from the information that the air module exchanges with the earth station, where it is processed in the unit of processing of the measurements of electromagnetic emissions through a set of algorithms for processing measurements of electromagnetic emissions. A set of algorithms for processing electromagnetic emission measurements of the processing unit of electromagnetic emission measurements is as follows: a near field - near field transformation algorithm for obtaining the distribution of the electromagnetic field at the antenna opening , a transformation algorithm near field - far field for obtaining the radiation pattern of the antenna and an algorithm for the determination of the electromagnetic protection volume of the antenna or radiating system.
The computer application, meanwhile, provides the radiation diagram, the radiant source diagram and / or the electromagnetic protection volume of the antenna
or radiant system, calculated using the set of processing algorithms of
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measurement of electromagnetic emissions. In this way, the operator has the diagnostic information of the antenna or radiant system under measurement in real time and in the same place where the antenna is located, resulting in a saving in time and mobility.
The communication means for emitting and receiving wireless signals between the air module and the earth station use a frequency band selected from at least two different frequency bands to avoid overlapping with the frequency of the electromagnetic field radiated by the radiating antenna or system. This guarantees that at least one of the two frequency bands used will not overlap with the frequency of the electromagnetic field radiated by the radiating antenna or system, guaranteeing the correct communication between the air module and the earth station.
In a preferred embodiment, the system comprises two or more air modules.
In another preferred embodiment of the system with one or more air modules, the air module is an unmanned aerial vehicle. In a more preferred embodiment, the unmanned aerial vehicle is of the multi-rotor type.
In another preferred embodiment of the system with one or more aerial modules, the trajectory may have an arbitrary shape or geometry provided that the distance from one measuring point to another is equal to or less than three centimeters.
In another preferred embodiment of the system with one or more aerial modules, the receiving antenna is coupled to a controlled articulated arm or to a controlled cardan suspension to be pointed towards the radiating antenna or system.
In another preferred embodiment of the system with one or more air modules, the receiving antenna is fixed to the air module, which is oriented to point it towards the antenna or radiating system. An example to materialize this embodiment is to incorporate a control software that blows the air module following the measurement path while maintaining the aiming of the receiving antenna towards the radiating antenna or device under measure.
In another preferred embodiment of the system with one or more air modules, the electromagnetic emission measurement unit is a coherent detector that measures the amplitude and
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the phase of the field radiated by the radiating antenna or system measured in the measurement path.
In another preferred embodiment of the system with one or more air modules, the electromagnetic emission measurement unit is a power detector that measures the amplitude 5 of the field radiated by the radiating antenna or system measured in the measurement path. In a more preferred embodiment, the system also comprises an iterative algorithm for phase recovery that recovers the phase of the electromagnetic field radiated by the antenna or radiating system from the amplitude of the electromagnetic field radiated by the antenna or radiating system measured in the measurement path
10 In a more preferred aim embodiment, the iterative phase recovery algorithm
It consists in calculating a set of auxiliary coefficients that characterize the radiating antenna or system by minimizing a cost function FCa that is defined by the following equation:
FCa = | | E | 2 -1 E (Iq (Ca)) j21 | 2
15 where | E | represents the amplitude of the electromagnetic field radiated by the radiating antenna or system measured in the measurement path, | E | represents the amplitude of the theoretical electromagnetic field calculated from the set of auxiliary coefficients, Iq denotes the integral electromagnetic field equations that relate the theoretical electromagnetic field to the auxiliary coefficients and Ca represents the auxiliary coefficients 20.
When the cost function FCa has a lower value than a given tolerance, it is considered that the amplitude of the theoretical electromagnetic field and the amplitude of the radiated electromagnetic field are sufficiently similar so that the set of auxiliary coefficients allows the radiated electromagnetic field 25 to be modeled with accuracy less than or equal to the tolerance determined.
In a still more preferred aim embodiment, once the set of auxiliary coefficients has been calculated, the theoretical electromagnetic field in the measurement path is calculated using the integral electromagnetic field equations. Field
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Electromagnetic radiated by the radiating antenna or system in the measurement path is composed from the following expression:
E = | E | exp (j <E>)
where <E> is the theoretical electromagnetic field phase and | E | It is the amplitude of the electromagnetic field radiated by the radiating antenna or system.
In a specific embodiment of the system with one or more air modules, the flight control system of the module or the air modules comprises a manual flight control system and a system for the generation of paths around the antenna under measurement and control automatic flight Through the manual flight control system, an operator can monitor the development of the exploration and at any time take control to make corrections or avoid accidents.
In this way, the path to be followed by the air module for the measurement of the electromagnetic field radiated by the antenna under measurement can be introduced by means of the system for trajectory generation and automatic flight control through, for example, a file of geo-referenced coordinates. Once introduced, the operator of the invention may instruct the system to start measuring the radiated electromagnetic field. The manual flight control system will allow the operator of the invention to immediately take control of the flight of the air module in case of danger of collision, presence of strong wind that alters the automatic path or similar, landing it in a safe place.
In another specific embodiment of the system with one or more air modules, the communication means comprise a two-way and real-time communication system between the air module and the earth station. In a more specific embodiment, the communication system comprises one or more 3G / 4G communication modules and / or one or several low frequency transceivers and / or an IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) interface and / or one or more Zigbee modules and / or one or more Bluetooth modules, or a combination of any of the above.
In another specific embodiment of the system with one or more air modules. the near field transformation algorithm - near field for obtaining the distribution
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The electromagnetic field at the antenna opening consists in calculating a distribution of currents that characterize the radiating antenna or system by minimizing a cost function FCaf that is given by the following equation:
FCaf = | E - E (Iq (Meq)) | 2
where E represents the electromagnetic field radiated by the radiating antenna or system measured in the measurement path, E represents the theoretical electromagnetic field calculated from the distribution of currents, Iq denotes the integral electromagnetic field equations that relate the theoretical electromagnetic field to the distribution of currents, and Meq represents the distribution of currents.
When the FCaf cost function has a lower value than a given tolerance, the theoretical electromagnetic field and the radiated electromagnetic field are considered to be sufficiently similar so that the distribution of currents allows the radiated electromagnetic field to be modeled with a precision less than or equal to the determined tolerance.
In a more specific embodiment, once the distribution of currents is calculated, the theoretical electromagnetic field at any point in space is calculated using the integral equations of the electromagnetic field and, therefore, the distribution of the theoretical electromagnetic field in the opening piano is also calculated. of the antenna or radiant system. In an even more specific embodiment, the diagram of radiant sources provided by the computer application corresponds to the distribution of the theoretical electromagnetic field in the opening piano of the antenna or radiant system.
In another more specific embodiment of the system where the near field - near field transformation algorithm consists in calculating a current distribution by minimizing the FCaf cost function, or even more specific of the previous system where once the current distribution is calculated calculates the theoretical electromagnetic field using the integral equations of the electromagnetic field and, therefore, the distribution of the theoretical electromagnetic field in the opening piano, the near field - far field transformation algorithm for obtaining the antenna radiation diagram uses the distribution of currents that characterize the radiating antenna or system to calculate the theoretical electromagnetic field in any
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point of space using the integral equations of electromagnetic field and, therefore, to calculate the theoretical electromagnetic field in the far-field region of the radiating antenna or system that corresponds to the radiation pattern.
In another more specific embodiment of the system where the transformation algorithm 5 near field - near field consists in calculating a current distribution by minimizing the FCaf cost function, or even more specific from the previous system where once the current distribution was calculated The theoretical electromagnetic field is calculated using the integral equations of the electromagnetic field and, therefore, the distribution of the theoretical electromagnetic field in the opening piano, the algorithm for the determination of the electromagnetic protection volume of the antenna or radiating system employs the distribution of currents that characterize the antenna or radiant system to obtain the theoretical electromagnetic field levels in a cloud of points around the antenna or radiant system, to later discriminate the points that are above the reference level of the electromagnetic field, 15 obtaining in this way the surface that of limits the volume of electromagnetic protection of the antenna or radiant system.
Another object of the present invention is a method for measuring and characterizing antennas or radiating systems comprising the following steps:
a) Define a measurement path around the radiating antenna or system that you want to measure and characterize.
b) Point the receiving antenna towards the radiating antenna or system.
c) Acquire the measurement of the electromagnetic field radiated by the radiating antenna or system through the unit of measurement of electromagnetic emissions.
d) Send the measurement of the electromagnetic field radiated by the radiating antenna or system 25 and the precise three-dimensional location of the air module to the earth station
using the communication system.
e) Process the measurement of the electromagnetic field radiated by the radiating antenna or system in the processing unit of the electromagnetic emission measurements to obtain the radiation diagram, the distribution of the electromagnetic field in the
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opening, and the volume of electromagnetic protection of the antenna or radiant system by means of a set of algorithms for processing electromagnetic emission measurements comprising: a near-field transformation algorithm - near field for obtaining the distribution of the field at the opening of the antenna, a near-field-far-field transformation algorithm for obtaining the antenna radiation diagram and an algorithm for the determination of the electromagnetic protection volume of the radiating antenna or system.
In a preferred embodiment of the method, steps a) to d) are carried out by two or more air modules that send the measurement of the electromagnetic field radiated by the radiating antenna or system and its precise three-dimensional localization to the earth station using its communication system.
In another preferred embodiment of the method, in step c) the unit of measurement of electromagnetic emissions also processes the measurement of the electromagnetic field radiated by the antenna or radiant system acquired to convert it into a sequence
digital. In stage e), the unit of processing of emission measures
Electromagnetic processes the measurement of the electromagnetic field radiated by the antenna or digitalized radiating system. In this way, the measurement of the electromagnetic field radiated by the radiating antenna or system converted to digital sequence is sent to the earth station where the processing unit of the emission measurements
Electromagnetic processes the measurement of the radiated electromagnetic field, digitized using the set of emission measurement processing algorithms
electromagnetic
In another preferred embodiment of the method, or even more preferred of the method in which also steps a) to d) are carried out by two or more air modules, it also comprises varying the position of the air module along the measurement path and repeating the stages b), c) and d) prior to stage e).
The invention provides a system and method for the measurement and characterization of antennas and radiant systems in the place where they are located, without the need to interrupt the establishment of the communications system to which the antennas or radiating systems are connected.
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The system of the invention allows the measurement of the amplitude and / or the phase of the electromagnetic field radiated by the antenna or radiant system under measure. The phase is measured either directly using a coherent detector, or indirectly using a power detector and applying an iterative phase recovery algorithm to the amplitude measurements.
The system, therefore, allows to solve the limitation presented by traditional antenna measurement systems using unmanned aerial vehicles where it is not possible to have the phase information.
The measurements of the radiated electromagnetic field are obtained with a resolution equal to or less than three centimeters between two adjacent positions, which is higher than the known systems. This three-dimensional centimeter precision is achieved thanks to the system providing the precise three-dimensional location of the air module or modules and the georeferencing of the data obtained with the unit of measurement of electromagnetic emissions.
Considering even a scenario in which the three-dimensional location range of the air module or modules is three centimeters, the system can work in a frequency band whose maximum frequency is 5 GHz (medium wavelength positioning accuracy, which at 5 GHz is three centimeters) when a coherent detector is used in the unit of measurement of electromagnetic emissions, and 2.5 GHz (positioning accuracy of a quarter wavelength, which at 2.5 GHz is three centimeters) when a detector is used of power in the unit of measurement of electromagnetic emissions.
Thanks to its configuration. The air module or modules of the present invention are capable of positioning themselves with an accuracy of value equal to or less than three centimeters, which, at the working frequencies considered, and together with the capacity of the system to provide amplitude and / or phase information of the measured field, allows to apply algorithms of near field transformation - near field to obtain the electromagnetic field at the opening of the antenna or radiant system under measure and, from it, identify possible deformations or elements with anomalous operation in the antenna under measure . It also allows to apply field transformation algorithms
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near - far field to obtain the radiation radiation of the antenna under measurement, as well as the volume of electromagnetic protection, which is necessary to know for the definition and delimitation of the security perimeter around the antenna.
The iterative algorithm for phase recovery from the amplitude measurements, the near field - near field transformation algorithm and the near field - far field transformation algorithm allow to work with arbitrary geometry paths that do not have to be adjusted to a canonical surface or volume of measurement (such as a piano, cylindrical or spherical measurement domain). This also solves one of the traditional limitations of this type of algorithms, where due to the formulation used (for example, based on wave mode expansion) the use of canonical surfaces or volumes was necessary.
One of the embodiments of the invention contemplates the use of a system formed by two or more air modules. This configuration allows the measurement of the radiating antenna or system under measurement in less time. The number of times the measurement time is reduced by using two or more air modules with respect to the measurement time using a single air module will be given by the number of air modules used.
In another embodiment of the invention, the communication means for issuing and receiving wireless signals between the air module and the earth station employ a frequency band selected from at least two different frequency bands. In this way, unlike other alternatives, an overlap with the frequency of the electromagnetic field radiated by the radiating antenna or system can be avoided. This ensures that at least one of the two frequency bands used will not overlap with the frequency of the electromagnetic field radiated by the radiating antenna or system, guaranteeing the correct communication between the air module and the earth station in various measurement circumstances. .
The invention results from application in those sectors in which the characterization and measurement of antennas is needed, such as radar and radionavigation systems, terrestrial and satellite telecommunications systems, or terrestrial broadcasting facilities.
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DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Fig. 1 shows a general scheme of the system in which the elements that compose it are identified together with the radiating antenna or system (5) that it is intended to characterize. In the figure you can see the antenna or radiant system (5), located at a certain height above the ground (60) through a support structure (52). In the figure you can also see the enclosure (53) destined to house the systems and devices for the generation of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5). You can also observe a receiving antenna (112) that captures the radiated electromagnetic field (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5).
The receiving antenna (112) of the radiated electromagnetic field (E) is embarked on an air module (1) that describes a measurement path (7) around the radiating antenna or system (5) and the support structure (52) . In turn, the air module (1) communicates with an earth station (2) through a two-way and real-time communication system (3) between the air module (1) and the earth station (2).
Fig. 2 shows a general scheme of the system in which the elements that compose it are identified. In the figure you can see an air module (1) formed by an electromagnetic emission measurement unit (11), a positioning and guidance system (13) of the air module (1) and an air control unit (15). The figure also shows a two-way and real-time communication system (3) between the air module (1) and an earth station (2).
The air control unit (15) is connected with the positioning and guidance system (13) of the air module (1), with the electromagnetic emission measurement unit (11), and with the two-way communication system (3) and in real time between the air module (1) and an earth station (2).
The positioning and guidance system (13) comprises a global positioning system (131), a positioning system based on inertial sensors (132), a positioning system based on real-time satellite kinematic navigation (133) that exchanges information with a real-time satellite kinematic navigation base station (22) located in the earth station (2), and a positioning system based on photogrammetry (134).
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The electromagnetic emission measurement unit (11) comprises a receiving antenna (112) that captures the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5).
The earth station (2) comprises a base station of real-time satellite kinematic navigation 5 (22), a flight control system of the air module (21), a processing unit for electromagnetic emission measurements (23), a computer application (24) that provides the radiation diagram, the radiant source diagram (70) and / or the electromagnetic protection volume (61) of the radiating antenna or system (5) from the information returned by the unit of processing of the 10 measures of electromagnetic emissions (23), and a two-way and real-time communication system (3) between the air module (1) and the earth station (2).
The flight control system of the aerial module (21) comprises a manual flight control system (211) and a system for the generation of trajectories and automatic flight control (212).
The processing unit for electromagnetic emission measurements (23) comprises a set of algorithms for processing electromagnetic emission measurements (25), with at least one near-field-near-field transformation algorithm. for obtaining the distribution of the field at the aperture of the antenna (41), in a near field - far field transformation algorithm for obtaining 20 of the antenna radiation pattern (42), and in an algorithm for the determination of the electromagnetic protection volume (61) of the radiating antenna or system (43).
Fig. 3 represents a side view of the antenna or radiant system (5) that is intended to be characterized. In the figure you can see the antenna or radiant system (5), located at a certain height above the ground (60) through a support structure (52). In 25 the figure can also be seen the enclosure (53) destined to house the systems and devices for the generation of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5). You can also see a section of the electromagnetic protection volume (61) of the radiating antenna or system (5) and the location of the opening piano (62) of the radiating antenna or system (5).
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Fig. 4 shows the diagram of radiant sources (70) of a radiating antenna or system (5) under measure, framed in a rectangle arranged on the opening piano (62) of the radiating antenna or system (5). The radiating antenna or system (5) is located in a support structure (52). The abscissa axis of the radiant source diagram (70), denoted by EX in the figure, is shown parallel to the opening piano (62). The amplitude of the electromagnetic field distribution in the opening piano (71) of the radiating antenna or system (5) is also observed. The ordinate axis of the radiating source diagram (70), denoted by EY in the figure, represents the level of amplitude of the electromagnetic field distribution in the opening piano (71) of the radiating antenna or system (5), and Orthogonal to the opening piano (62). The radiating antenna or system (5) is a parabolic reflector antenna without defects or deformations, so that the amplitude of the electromagnetic field distribution in the opening piano (71) has a uniform value.
Fig. 5 shows a diagram of radiant sources (70) similar to that of the previous figure, of a radiating antenna or system (5) consisting of a parabolic reflector type antenna located in a support structure (52), but presenting defects or deformations, denoted in the figure by D1 and D2. Each deformation is visualized in the diagram of radiant sources (70) as an attenuation of the amplitude of the distribution of the electromagnetic field in the opening piano (71). Said amplitude attenuations are indicated as DD1 and DD2 in the figure.
EXPLANATION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
For a better understanding of the present invention, the following examples of preferred embodiment are described, described in detail, which should be understood without limiting the scope of the invention.
EXAMPLE 1
A first example of realization of the invention was based on the use of a single air module (1) for the measurement and characterization of an antenna or radiating system (5) consisting of an antenna for mobile phone base station in the GSM band -900 (890 MHz to 960 MHz frequency band) formed by a cluster of eight
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patch type elements arranged along a vertical axis perpendicular to the ground (60), resulting in a physical length of 1 m. The aerial module (1) that was used was an unmanned aerial vehicle of the multi-rotor type, and more specifically, of an octacopter with its corresponding air control unit (15) and battery pack. The air control unit (15) was implemented by means of a microcontroller (Raspberry Pi type) and was programmed to collect information from the electromagnetic emission measurement unit (11) and from the positioning and guidance system (13), control parameters of flight of the air module (1) and exchange information with an earth station (2).
The octacoptero used, together with the air control unit (15) and the batteries, had a maximum takeoff weight of 6 kg, with a payload capacity of 1.5 kg. Said payload capacity was used to ship and integrate the following elements into the octacopter:
- An IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) interface that belonged to the two-way and real-time communication system (3) between the air module (1) and the earth station (2). This interface was connected to the air control unit (15).
- A positioning and guidance system (13) of the air module (1). This system consisted of four subsystems, described below: i) positioning system based on inertial sensors (132) that were incorporated into the air control unit (15) of the octacopter; ii) global positioning system (131): the GPS receiver included in the aerial control unit (15) of the octacoptero was used;
iii) positioning system based on real-time satellite kinematic navigation (133) to exchange information with a real-time satellite kinematic navigation station (22) located in the earth station (2): two RTK units were acquired, one of which was located in the earth station (2) and the other in the air module (1). These RTK units used a Wi-Fi radio link to send the correction information of the GPS coordinates to the RTK base station receiver to the GPS unit with RTK functionality embarked on the air module (1). Therefore, the information provided by the RTK unit and the information provided by the GPS were combined to obtain the geo-referenced coordinates of the air module (1);
iv) positioning system based on photogrammetry (134): it was implemented
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embarking in the octacoptero a webcam, which sent photographs every time a measurement of the unit of measurement of electromagnetic emissions was launched (11). From the digital processing of two or more photographs taken at different time intervals it was possible to determine the displacement of the octacopter from one position to another.
The spatial information provided by the positioning and guidance system (13) was processed by a data fusion technique implemented in a microcontroller (Raspberry Pi type) that returned a unique set of geo-referenced spatial coordinates of the air module (1).
- With respect to the unit of measurement of electromagnetic emissions (11), a power detector was used in the band from 100 MHz to 3 GHz that provided an output voltage proportional to the amplitude of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the antenna for mobile phone base station that was intended to characterize. As a receiving antenna (112) connected to the electromagnetic emission measurement unit (11), a monopole type antenna with a working frequency 900 MHz and 10 MHz bandwidth was used. In this way, the receiving antenna (112) already fixed the working frequency for this specific example, which avoids the use of frequency selective filters. The frequency and bandwidth selected allowed the measurement of part of the antenna's working band for mobile phone base station (890 MHz to 960 MHz).
The octacoptero incorporated an articulated arm on which receiver antenna (112) was mounted to partially compensate for the oscillations produced during the flight.
The earth station (2) and the elements that made it up were the following and were implemented and integrated as follows:
- Flight control system (21) of the air module (1). For the manual flight control system (211) the remote control command that came standard with the octacopter was used to which a transmitter that used the 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz frequency band was incorporated. With respect to the system for generation of trajectories and automatic flight control (212), an informatic application was developed that allows the user to specify the coordinates of the trajectory to be followed by the air module (1)
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to measure the radiated electromagnetic field (E) by the antenna for mobile telephony base station. The system was configured to operate using the coordinates provided by the system for trajectory generation and automatic flight control (212), giving priority to the manual flight control system (211) in order to be able to regain control over the air module (1 ) if necessary.
- Unit for processing electromagnetic emission measurements (23). It was implemented in a laptop, which executed the algorithms for processing electromagnetic emission measurements (25). These algorithms were programmed using a high level programming language.
10 - Computer application (24) that provides the radiation diagram, the diagram
of radiant sources (70) and the electromagnetic protection volume (61) of the radiating antenna or system (5). A computerized graphic application (5) was developed that allows the system operator to visualize the emission intensity of the radiating elements of the antenna for mobile phone base station, as well as to visualize in a three-dimensional graph in spherical coordinates the radiation pattern of the antenna or radiant system (5).
- Real-time satellite kinematic navigation base station (22): it consisted of one of the two RTK units mentioned above. The other RTK unit embarked on the air module (1).
20 - An IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) interface that belonged to the communication system (3)
bidirectional and in real time between the air module (1) and the earth station (2). This interface was connected to the portable computer that implemented the electromagnetic emission measurement processing unit (23) and the system for the generation of trajectories and automatic flight control (212), and also to the control command that implemented the system of manual flight control (211) of the air module.
In this embodiment, the two-way and real-time communication system (3) used the 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz band, so there was no overlap with the antenna's working frequency band for mobile phone base station (890 MHz to 960 MHz).
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The antenna for mobile phone base station was located in a support structure (52) at a height of 8 m above the ground (60). Therefore, a measurement path (7) of zigzag flight was defined in a vertical piano of dimensions 6 mx 6 m located 5 m in front of the opening piano (62) of the antenna for mobile phone base station and centered with respect to the antenna. Since the wavelength at the measurement frequency was 33 cm, the radiated electromagnetic field (E) was measured every 8 cm, resulting in a total of 5625 measurement points.
The air module (1) moves at a speed of 50 cm / s, so that the complete path of the measurement path (7) in zigzag, 456 m, is completed in 15 minutes. Along the measurement path (7) the receiving antenna (112) was pointed towards the antenna for the mobile telephone base station by means of the articulated arm. The batteries that supplied the energy to the octacopter allowed an autonomy of 18 minutes, which provided a temporary safety margin for the operator of the air module (1) to perform the take-off and landing maneuvers.
Since the measurements of the radiated electromagnetic field (E) were made with a power detector, no direct phase measurements were available. Therefore, the iterative algorithm for phase recovery (40) was applied to the measurements of the amplitude of the radiated electromagnetic field (E) measured in the measurement path (7). The iterative algorithm for phase recovery (40) minimized the cost function FCa. After 53 iterations a tolerance or difference equal to or less than 2% was obtained between the amplitude of the theoretical electromagnetic field calculated from a set of auxiliary coefficients and the amplitude of the radiated electromagnetic field (E).
The measured amplitude and recovered phase data of the georeferenced radiated electromagnetic field (E) with an accuracy equal to or less than 3 cm were entered in the processing unit of the electromagnetic emission measurements (23) to carry out the characterization and diagnosis of the antenna for mobile phone base station. First, the near field - near field transformation algorithm was executed to obtain the distribution of the electromagnetic field at the opening of the antenna (41), which minimized a cost function FCaf that related the radiated electromagnetic field (E) by the antenna for mobile phone base station with the theoretical electromagnetic field calculated from a current distribution. To the
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After 17 iterations of the near field - near field transformation algorithm for obtaining the distribution of the electromagnetic field at the antenna aperture (41), a tolerance or difference was obtained between the radiated electromagnetic field (E) and the theoretical electromagnetic field less than or equal to 1%.
The distribution of currents was used to calculate the theoretical electromagnetic field in the opening piano (71) of the antenna for mobile phone base station. The information of the theoretical electromagnetic field in the opening piano was introduced in the computer application (24) to represent the diagram of radiant sources (70) of the antenna for mobile phone base station. It was observed that the 8 elements that made up the antenna for mobile phone base station had an amplitude variation of less than 1 dB, which concluded that the 8 elements of the antenna operated correctly according to the manufacturer's specifications.
The current distribution calculated with the near field - near field transformation algorithm for obtaining the distribution of the electromagnetic field at the antenna aperture (41) was also used in the near field - far field transformation algorithm for obtaining the radiation pattern of the antenna (42). The antenna radiation diagram for mobile phone base station was represented in the computer application (24), observing that said diagram also complies with the specifications provided by the manufacturer for this type of antennas in terms of secondary lobe levels and inclination or tilt of the main lobe.
Finally, the algorithm for the determination of the electromagnetic protection volume (43) of the radiating antenna or system was executed, which used the distribution of currents to calculate the electromagnetic protection volume (61) of the antenna for mobile phone base station . The volume of protection obtained resulted in a parallelepiped of dimensions 7 m long x 4 m wide x 3 m high. These dimensions turned out to be in line with the usual security enclosures for this type of mobile phone antennas.
The execution time of the electromagnetic emission measurement processing algorithms (25) was less than 2 minutes, which allowed the diagnosis and
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antenna characterization for mobile phone base station in the same place where the measurement was made with the system and method described.
EXAMPLE 2
For this embodiment, the system described in example 1 was used although using a coherent detector in the band from 100 MHz to 3 GHz with two output channels corresponding to the real and imaginary part of the measured complex signal, which in this case was the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the antenna for mobile phone base station. Each output channel provided a voltage proportional to the real and imaginary part of the radiated electromagnetic field (E).
Since the coherent detector used weighed more than the power detector, in this embodiment the articulated arm on which the receiving antenna (112) was mounted was also removed, fixing it directly to the aerial module (1). In this embodiment, the positioning and guidance system (13) of the air module (1) was in charge of maintaining the orientation of the receiving antenna (112) towards the antenna for the mobile telephone base station along the measurement path ( 7).
As the unit of measurement of electromagnetic emissions (11) was based on a coherent detector, the amplitude and phase data (or equivalent, of the real and imaginary part) of the radiated electromagnetic field (E) were available. Therefore, in this embodiment it was not necessary to execute the iterative phase recovery algorithm (40).
The measured amplitude and phase data of the georeferenced radiated electromagnetic field (E) with an accuracy equal to or less than 3 cm were entered in the processing unit of the electromagnetic emission measurements (23) to carry out the characterization and diagnosis of the antenna for mobile phone base station. In this embodiment, the near field - near field transformation algorithm for obtaining the distribution of the electromagnetic field at the antenna aperture (41) obtained a tolerance or difference between the radiated electromagnetic field (E) and the smaller theoretical electromagnetic field or equal to 1% after 15 iterations.
The results of diagnosis and characterization of the antenna for mobile phone base station, that is, radiant source diagram (70), radiation diagram and
volume of electromagnetic protection, presented a difference of less than 2% with respect to the same results obtained in the realization of example 1.
EXAMPLE 3
For this realization the system described in example 1 was used but using 5 two air modules (1). Two measurement paths (7) were defined: the first consisted of a zigzag trajectory contained in a vertical piano of dimensions 6 mx 6 m located 5 m in front of the opening piano (62) of the antenna for mobile phone base station and centered with respect to the antenna. The second was identical to the first but located 5 m behind the opening piano (62), in order to also characterize the 10 rear radiation of the antenna for mobile phone base station. In this embodiment, when using a power detector in both air modules (1) it was necessary to apply the iterative algorithm for phase recovery (40).
It was observed that by having more measuring points the iterative algorithm for phase recovery (40) required 45 iterations to obtain a tolerance or difference 15 equal to or less than 2% between the amplitude of the theoretical electromagnetic field calculated from a set of auxiliary coefficients and the amplitude of the radiated electromagnetic field (E), that is, 8 iterations less than in the realization of example 1.
In this embodiment, the results of diagnosis and characterization of the antenna for mobile phone base station, that is to say, diagram of radiant sources (70), radiation diagram 20 and volume of electromagnetic protection, presented a difference of less than 3% with respect to to the same results obtained in the realization of example 1. The differences in the results in the embodiments of examples 1, 2 and 3, were partly due to the own tolerance presented by the power and coherent detectors used to measure the Radiated electromagnetic field (E), as well as 25 tolerance or error in the positioning and georeferencing of the data, which was performed with an accuracy equal to or less than 3 cm.
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1. Airborne system for measurement and characterization of antennas or radiating systems of electromagnetic waves, comprising:
- an air module (1) that moves along the points of a measuring path (7), which in turn comprises a receiving antenna (112) that captures the radiated electromagnetic field (E) by one or several antennas or radiating systems (5) and which is connected to an electromagnetic emission measurement unit (11), a positioning and guidance system (13) of the air module (1), and an air control unit (15) that collects information from the unit for measuring electromagnetic emissions (11) and positioning and guidance system (13), controls flight parameters of the air module (1) and exchanges information with an earth station (2);
- an earth station (2), which in turn comprises a flight control system (21) of the air module (1), a processing unit of the electromagnetic emission measurements (23) received in the emission measurement unit electromagnetic (11) that processes the measurements of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) by means of a set of algorithms for processing electromagnetic emission measurements (25), and an informatic application (24); Y
- means of communication for issuing and receiving wireless signals between the air module (1) and the earth station (2);
characterized in that the receiving antenna (112) is pointed towards the radiating antenna or system (5); because the electromagnetic emission measurement unit (11) provides amplitude and / or phase information of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) in the measurement path (7) directly or indirectly; because the positioning and guidance system (13) of the aerial module (1) comprises a global positioning system (131), a positioning system based on inertial sensors (132), a positioning system based on satellite kinematic time navigation real (133) that exchanges information with a base station of satellite cinematic navigation in
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real time (22) located in the earth station (2), and a positioning system based on photogrammetry (134). that send information to the air control unit (15) providing the precise three-dimensional location of the air module (1) and the georeferencing of the electromagnetic field measurements radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) with a precision of value equal to or less than three centimeters; because the amplitude and / or phase of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) is processed by the processing unit of the electromagnetic emission measurements (23) thereby characterizing the radiating antenna or system (5 ); because a set of algorithms for processing electromagnetic emission measurements (25) of the processing unit for electromagnetic emission measurements (23) is a near field - near field transformation algorithm for obtaining the distribution of the electromagnetic field in the opening of the antenna (41), an algorithm of near-field transformation - far field for obtaining the radiation pattern of the antenna (42) and an algorithm for the determination of the electromagnetic protection volume (43) of the antenna or system radiant (5); because the computer application (24) provides the radiation diagram, the radiant source diagram (70) and / or the electromagnetic protection volume (61) of the radiating antenna or system (5); and because the communication means for emitting and receiving wireless signals between the air module (1) and the earth station (2) employ a frequency band selected between at least two different frequency bands to avoid overlapping with the electromagnetic field frequency radiated (E) by the antenna or radiant system (5).
2. System according to claim 1 characterized in that it comprises two or more air modules (1).
3. System according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the aerial module (1) is an unmanned aerial vehicle.
4. System according to claim 3 characterized in that the unmanned aerial vehicle is a multi-rotor.
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5. System according to claim 1 or 2 characterized in that the measuring path (7) has an arbitrary shape or geometry and the distance between one measuring point and another is equal to or less than three centimeters.
6. System according to claim 1 or 2 characterized in that the receiving antenna (112) is coupled to a controlled articulated arm or to a controlled cardan suspension to be pointed towards the radiating antenna or system (5).
7. System according to claim 1 or 2 characterized in that the receiving antenna (112) is fixed to the air module (1), which is oriented to point it towards the antenna or radiating system (5).
8. System according to claim 1 or 2 characterized in that the electromagnetic emission measurement unit (11) is a coherent detector that measures the amplitude and phase of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the antenna or radiating system (5) measured in the measurement path (7).
9. System according to claim 1 or 2 characterized in that the electromagnetic emission measurement unit (11) is a power detector that measures the amplitude of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) measured in the measurement path (7).
10. System according to claim 9 characterized in that it also comprises an iterative algorithm for phase recovery (40) that recovers the phase of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the antenna or radiating system (5) from the amplitude of the field electromagnetic radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) measured in the measurement path (7).
11. System according to claim 10 characterized in that the iterative phase recovery algorithm (40) consists in calculating a set of auxiliary coefficients that characterize the radiating system or antenna (5) by minimizing a defined cost function FCa by the following equation:
FCa = | | E |: -1 £ (lq (Ca)) | 21 | 2
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where | E | represents the amplitude of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) measured in the measurement path (7), | E | represents the amplitude of the theoretical electromagnetic field calculated from the set of auxiliary coefficients, Iq denotes the integral electromagnetic field equations that relate the theoretical electromagnetic field to the auxiliary coefficients and Ca represents the auxiliary coefficients;
and because when the cost function FCa has a lower value than a given tolerance, it is considered that the amplitude of the theoretical electromagnetic field and the amplitude of the radiated electromagnetic field (E) are sufficiently similar so that the set of auxiliary coefficients allows modeling the radiated electromagnetic field (E) with a precision less than or equal to the determined tolerance.
12. System according to claim 11 characterized in that once the set of auxiliary coefficients has been calculated, the theoretical electromagnetic field in the measurement path (7) is calculated using the integral electromagnetic field equations and because the radiated electromagnetic field (E) is The radiating antenna or system (5) in the measurement path (7) is composed from the following expression:
E = | E | exp (j <E>)
where <E> is the theoretical electromagnetic field phase and | E | is the amplitude of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the antenna or radiating system (5).
13. System according to claim 1 or 2 characterized in that the flight control system (21) of the air module (1) comprises:
- a manual flight control system (211); Y
- a system for the generation of trajectories and automatic flight control
(212).
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14. System according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the communication means comprise a two-way and real-time communication system (3) between the air module (1) and the earth station (2).
15. System according to revindication 14 characterized in that the communication system (3) comprises one or several 3G / 4G communication modules and / or one or several low frequency transceivers and / or an IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) interface and / or one or more Zigbee modules and / or one or several Bluetooth modules, or a combination of any of the above.
16. System according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the near field - near field transformation algorithm for obtaining the distribution of the electromagnetic field at the antenna aperture (41) consists in calculating a distribution of currents that characterize the antenna or radiant system (5) by minimizing an FCaf cost function that is given by the following equation:
FCaf = | E - E (Iq (Meq)) | 2
where E represents the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) measured in the measurement path (7), E represents the theoretical electromagnetic field calculated from the distribution of currents, Iq denotes the integral equations of electromagnetic field that relate the theoretical electromagnetic field to the distribution of currents, and Meq represents the distribution of currents;
and because when the FCaf cost function has a lower value than a given tolerance, it is considered that the theoretical electromagnetic field and the radiated electromagnetic field (E) are sufficiently similar so that the distribution of currents allows the radiated electromagnetic field to be modeled ( E) with a precision less than or equal to the given tolerance.
17. System according to claim 16 characterized in that once the distribution of currents is calculated, the theoretical electromagnetic field is calculated at any point in space using the integral equations of the electromagnetic field
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and, therefore, the distribution of the theoretical electromagnetic field in the opening piano (71) of the radiating antenna or system (5) is also calculated.
18. System according to claim 17 characterized in that the diagram of radiant sources (70) provided by the computer application (24) corresponds to the distribution of the theoretical electromagnetic field in the opening piano (71) of the radiating antenna or system (5) ).
19. System according to claim 16 or 17 characterized in that the transformation algorithm near field - far field for obtaining the radiation pattern of the antenna (42) employs the current distribution that characterizes the radiating antenna or system (5) to calculate the theoretical electromagnetic field at any point in space using the integral electromagnetic field equations and, therefore, to calculate the theoretical electromagnetic field in the far-field region of the radiating antenna or system (5) corresponding to the radiation diagram .
20. System according to claim 16 or 17 characterized in that the algorithm for the determination of the electromagnetic protection volume (43) of the radiating antenna or system (5) employs the distribution of currents that characterize the radiating antenna or system (5) to obtain the theoretical electromagnetic field levels in a cloud of points around the antenna or radiant system (5), to later discriminate the points that are above the electromagnetic field reference level, thus obtaining the surface that delimits the volume of electromagnetic protection (61) of the antenna or radiant system (5).
21. Method for measuring and characterizing antennas or radiant systems (5) by means of the system of claim 1 or 2 comprising the following steps:
a) define a measurement path (7) around the radiating antenna or system (5) to be measured and characterized;
b) point the receiving antenna (112) towards the radiating antenna or system (5);
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c) acquire the measurement of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) by means of the unit of measurement of electromagnetic emissions (11);
d) send the measurement of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) and the precise three-dimensional location of the air module (1) to the earth station (2) using the communication system (3);
e) process the measurement of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) in the processing unit of the electromagnetic emission measurements (23) to obtain the radiation diagram, the distribution of the electromagnetic field in the piano opening (71) and the electromagnetic protection volume (61) of the radiating antenna or system (5), by means of a set of algorithms for processing electromagnetic emission measurements (25) comprising a near field - near field transformation algorithm for obtaining the distribution of the field at the aperture of the antenna (41), a near field - far field transformation algorithm for obtaining the antenna radiation pattern (42), and an algorithm for the determination of the volume of electromagnetic protection (43) of the antenna or radiant system (5).
22. Method according to revindication 21 characterized in that steps a) to d)
20 perform two or more air modules (1) that send the field measurement
electromagnetic radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) and its precise three-dimensional location to the earth station (2) using its communication system (3).
23. Method according to claim 21 characterized in that in step c) the unit
25 measurement of electromagnetic emissions (11) also processes the measurement of
electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the antenna or radiant system (5) acquired to convert it into a digital sequence, and in step e) the processing unit of the electromagnetic emission measurements (23) processes the measurement of the radiated electromagnetic field ( E) by the antenna or radiant system (5) digitized.
24. Method according to claim 21 or 22 characterized in that it also comprises varying the position of the air module (1) along the measurement path (7) and repeating steps b), c) and d) prior to stage e ).
■ t.
OR
image 1
FIG. one

权利要求:
Claims (24)
[1]
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twenty
25
30
REIV1NDICATIONS
1. Airborne system for measurement and characterization of antennas or radiating systems of electromagnetic waves, comprising:
- an air module (1) that moves along the points of a measuring path (7), which in turn comprises a receiving antenna (112) that captures the radiated electromagnetic field (E) by one or several antennas or radiating systems (5) and which is connected to an electromagnetic emission measurement unit (11), a positioning and guidance system (13) of the air module (1), and an air control unit (15) that collects information from the unit for measuring electromagnetic emissions (11) and positioning and guidance system (13), controls flight parameters of the air module (1) and exchanges information with an earth station (2);
- an earth station (2), which in turn comprises a flight control system (21) of the air module (1), a processing unit of the electromagnetic emission measurements (23) received in the emission measurement unit electromagnetic (11) that processes the measurements of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) by means of a set of algorithms for processing electromagnetic emission measurements (25), and an informatic application (24); Y
- means of communication for issuing and receiving wireless signals between the air module (1) and the earth station (2);
characterized in that the receiving antenna (112) is pointed towards the radiating antenna or system (5); because the electromagnetic emission measurement unit (11) provides amplitude and / or phase information of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) in the measurement path (7) directly or indirectly; because the positioning and guidance system (13) of the aerial module (1) comprises a global positioning system (131), a positioning system based on inertial sensors (132), a positioning system based on satellite kinematic time navigation real (133) that exchanges information with a base station of satellite cinematic navigation in
32
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25
real time (22) located in the earth station (2), and a positioning system based on photogrammetry (134), which send information to the air control unit (15) providing the precise three-dimensional location of the air module (1) and the georeferencing of the electromagnetic field measurements radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) with an accuracy of value equal to or less than three centimeters; because the amplitude and / or phase of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) is processed by the processing unit of the electromagnetic emission measurements (23) thereby characterizing the radiating antenna or system (5 ); because a set of algorithms for processing electromagnetic emission measurements (25) of the processing unit for electromagnetic emission measurements (23) is a near field - near field transformation algorithm for obtaining the distribution of the electromagnetic field in the opening of the antenna (41), an algorithm of near field - far field transformation for obtaining the radiation pattern of the antenna (42) and an algorithm for the determination of the electromagnetic protection volume (43) of the antenna or system radiant (5); because the computer application (24) provides the radiation diagram, the radiant source diagram (70) and / or the electromagnetic protection volume (61) of the radiating antenna or system (5); and because the communication means for emitting and receiving wireless signals between the air module (1) and the earth station (2) use a frequency band selected between at least two different frequency bands to avoid overlapping with the frequency of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the antenna or radiant system (5).
[2]
2. System according to revindication 1 characterized in that it comprises two or more air modules (1).
[3]
3. System according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the aerial module (1) is an unmanned aerial vehicle.
[4]
4. System according to claim 3 characterized in that the unmanned aerial vehicle is a multi-rotor.
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[5]
5. System according to claim 1 or 2 characterized in that the measuring path (7) has an arbitrary shape or geometry and the distance between one measuring point and another is equal to or less than three centimeters.
[6]
6. System according to claim 1 or 2 characterized in that the receiving antenna (112) is coupled to a controlled articulated arm or to a controlled cardan suspension to be pointed towards the radiating antenna or system (5).
[7]
7. System according to claim 1 or 2 characterized in that the receiving antenna (112) is fixed to the air module (1), which is oriented to point it towards the antenna or radiating system (5).
[8]
8. System according to claim 1 or 2 characterized in that the electromagnetic emission measurement unit (11) is a coherent detector that measures the amplitude and phase of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the antenna or radiating system (5) measured in the measurement path (7).
[9]
9. System according to claim 1 or 2 characterized in that the electromagnetic emission measurement unit (11) is a power detector that measures the amplitude of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) measured in the measurement path (7).
[10]
10. System according to claim 9 characterized in that it also comprises an iterative algorithm for phase recovery (40) that recovers the phase of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the antenna or radiating system (5) from the amplitude of the field electromagnetic radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) measured in the measurement path (7).
[11]
11. System according to claim 10 characterized in that the iterative phase recovery algorithm (40) consists in calculating a set of auxiliary coefficients that characterize the radiating system or antenna (5) by minimizing a defined cost function FCa by the following equation:
FCa = | | E | 2 -1 E (Iq (Ca)) | 21 | 2
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where | E | represents the amplitude of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) measured in the measurement path (7), | E | represents the amplitude of the theoretical electromagnetic field calculated from the set of auxiliary coefficients, Iq denotes the integral electromagnetic field equations that relate the theoretical electromagnetic field to the auxiliary coefficients and Ca represents the auxiliary coefficients;
and because when the cost function FCa has a lower value than a given tolerance, it is considered that the amplitude of the theoretical electromagnetic field and the amplitude of the radiated electromagnetic field (E) are sufficiently similar so that the set of auxiliary coefficients allows modeling the radiated electromagnetic field (E) with a precision less than or equal to the determined tolerance.
[12]
12. System according to claim 11 characterized in that once the set of auxiliary coefficients has been calculated, the theoretical electromagnetic field in the measurement path (7) is calculated using the integral equations of the electromagnetic field and because the radiated electromagnetic field (E) is The radiating antenna or system (5) in the measurement path (7) is composed from the following expression:
E = | E | exp (j <£>)
where <E> is the theoretical electromagnetic field phase and | E | is the amplitude of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the antenna or radiating system (5).
[13]
13. System according to claim 1 or 2 characterized in that the flight control system (21) of the air module (1) comprises:
- a manual flight control system (211); Y
- a system for the generation of trajectories and automatic flight control
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25
[14]
14. System according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the communication means comprise a two-way and real-time communication system (3) between the air module (1) and the earth station (2).
[15]
15. System according to claim 14 characterized in that the communication system (3) comprises one or several 3G / 4G communication modules and / or one or several low frequency transceivers and / or an IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) interface and / or one or more Zigbee modules and / or one or several Bluetooth modules, or a combination of any of the above.
[16]
16. System according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the near-field-near-field transformation algorithm for obtaining the distribution of the electromagnetic field at the antenna aperture (41) consists in calculating a distribution of currents that characterize the antenna or radiant system (5) by minimizing an FCaf cost function that is given by the following equation:
FCaf = | E - E (Iq (Meq)) | 2
where E represents the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) measured in the measurement path (7), E represents the theoretical electromagnetic field calculated from the distribution of currents, Iq denotes the integral equations of electromagnetic field that relate the theoretical electromagnetic field to the distribution of currents, and Meq represents the distribution of currents;
and because when the FCaf cost function has a lower value than a given tolerance, it is considered that the theoretical electromagnetic field and the radiated electromagnetic field (E) are sufficiently similar so that the distribution of currents allows the radiated electromagnetic field to be modeled ( E) with a precision less than or equal to the given tolerance.
[17]
17. System according to claim 16 characterized in that once the distribution of currents is calculated, the theoretical electromagnetic field is calculated at any point in space using the integral equations of the electromagnetic field
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and, therefore, the distribution of the theoretical electromagnetic field in the opening piano (71) of the radiating antenna or system (5) is also calculated.
[18]
18. System according to claim 17 characterized in that the diagram of radiant sources (70) provided by the computer application (24) corresponds to the distribution of the theoretical electromagnetic field in the opening piano (71) of the radiating antenna or system (5) ).
[19]
19. System according to claim 16 or 17, characterized in that the near field - far field transformation algorithm for obtaining the radiation pattern of the antenna (42) employs the current distribution that characterizes the radiating antenna or system (5) to calculate the theoretical electromagnetic field at any point in space using the integral electromagnetic field equations and, therefore, to calculate the theoretical electromagnetic field in the far-field region of the radiating antenna or system (5) corresponding to the radiation diagram .
[20]
20. System according to claim 16 or 17 characterized in that the algorithm for the determination of the electromagnetic protection volume (43) of the radiating antenna or system (5) employs the distribution of currents that characterize the radiating antenna or system (5) to obtain the theoretical electromagnetic field levels in a cloud of points around the antenna or radiant system (5), to later discriminate the points that are above the electromagnetic field reference level, thus obtaining the surface that delimits the volume of electromagnetic protection (61) of the antenna or radiant system (5).
[21]
21. Method for measuring and characterizing antennas or radiant systems (5) by means of the system of claim 1 or 2 comprising the following steps:
a) define a measurement path (7) around the radiating antenna or system (5) to be measured and characterized;
b) point the receiving antenna (112) towards the radiating antenna or system (5);
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twenty
c) acquire the measurement of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) by means of the unit of measurement of electromagnetic emissions (11);
d) send the measurement of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) and the precise three-dimensional location of the air module (1) to the earth station (2) using the communication system (3);
e) process the measurement of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) in the processing unit of the electromagnetic emission measurements (23) to obtain the radiation diagram, the distribution of the electromagnetic field in the piano opening (71) and the electromagnetic protection volume (61) of the radiating antenna or system (5), by means of a set of algorithms for processing electromagnetic emission measurements (25) comprising a near field - near field transformation algorithm for obtaining the distribution of the field at the aperture of the antenna (41), a near field - far field transformation algorithm for obtaining the antenna radiation pattern (42), and an algorithm for the determination of the volume of electromagnetic protection (43) of the antenna or radiant system (5).
[22]
22. Method according to claim 21 characterized in that steps a) to d) are carried out by two or more air modules (1) that send the measurement of the radiated electromagnetic field (E) by the radiating antenna or system (5) and its three-dimensional location precise to the earth station (2) using its communication system (3).
[23]
23. Method according to claim 21 characterized in that in step c) the electromagnetic emission measurement unit (11) also processes the measurement of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the antenna or radiating system (5) acquired to convert it into a digital sequence, and in step e) the processing unit of the electromagnetic emission measurements (23) processes the measurement of the electromagnetic field radiated (E) by the digitized radiating system or antenna (5).
[24]
24. Method according to claim 21 or 22 characterized in that it also comprises varying the position of the air module (1) along the measurement path (7) and repeating steps b), c) and d) prior to stage e ).

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